MDS plots of MDL-plink data matrix

Visualised in GNUplot: splot "plink.mds" using 4:5:6:2 with labels

R-hclust dendrogram of MDL project's genomes

Hierarchy of clusters in Hclust object

North_Russian V 1
North_Russian V 2
North_Russian V 3
North_Russian V 4
North_Russian V 5
North_Russian V 6
North_Russian V 7
North_Russian V 8
North_Russian V 9
North_Russian V 10
North_Russian V 11
North_Russian V 12
North_Russian V 13
North_Russian V 14
North_Russian V 15
North_Russian V 16
North_Russian V 17
North_Russian V 18
North_Russian V 19
North_Russian V 20
North_Russian V 21
North_Russian V 22
North_Russian V 23
North_Russian V 24
North_Russian V 25
BY V 26
BY V 27
BY V 28
BY V 29
BY V 30
BY V 31
BY V 32
BY V 33
BY V 34
Chuvash V 35
Chuvash V 36
Chuvash V 37
Chuvash V 38
Chuvash V 39
Chuvash V 40
Chuvash V 41
Chuvash V 42
Chuvash V 43
Chuvash V 44
Chuvash V 45
Chuvash V 46
Chuvash V 47
Chuvash V 48
Chuvash V 49
Chuvash V 50
Chuvash V 51
HU V 52
HU V 53
HU V 54
HU V 55
HU V 56
HU V 57
HU V 58
HU V 59
HU V 60
HU V 61
HU V 62
HU V 63
HU V 64
HU V 65
HU V 66
HU V 67
HU V 68
HU V 69
HU V 70
LT V 71
LT V 72
LT V 73
LT V 74
LT V 75
LT V 76
LT V 77
LT V 78
LT V 79
LT V 80
GE V 81
GE V 82
GE V 83
GE V 84
GE V 85
GE V 86
GE V 87
GE V 88
GE V 89
GE V 90
GE V 91
GE V 92
GE V 93
GE V 94
GE V 95
GE V 96
GE V 97
GE V 98
GE V 99
GE V 100
RO V 101
RO V 102
RO V 103
RO V 104
RO V 105
RO V 106
RO V 107
RO V 108
RO V 109
RO V 110
RO V 111
RO V 112
RO V 113
RO V 114
RO V 115
RO V 116
FI V 117
FI V 118
FI V 119
FI V 120
FI V 121
FI V 122
FI V 123
FI V 124
FI V 125
FI V 126
FI V 127
FI V 128
FI V 129
FI V 130
FI V 131
FI V 132
FI V 133
FI V 134
FI V 135
FI V 136
FI V 137
FI V 138
FI V 139
FI V 140
FI V 141
FI V 142
FI V 143
FI V 144
FI V 145
FI V 146
FI V 147
FI V 148
FI V 149
FI V 150
FI V 151
FI V 152
FI V 153
FI V 154
FI V 155
FI V 156
BY3 V 157
BY2 V 158
BY1 V 159
Polish V 160


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Admixture analysis barplot

The barplot is visualised here only to give a general picture and offer an overview of genetic substructure in represented samples form reference populations. Each column represents one individual (V1....V159 counting from left).

Admixture analysis: the rest of groupings

Carpathian

Caucasian

Finnish

Volga-Uralic

Admixture results: Baltic-Slavic

Just a quick follow-up to the previous post. Looking at admixture analysis results, we'll be able to identify another candidate for the Baltic-Slavic component. . That's a very interesting point about Belarusians being genetically  more similar to Lithuanians than to other Slavs. Thus, the results of unsupervised analysis seems to contradict Balanovsky's thesis, which holds that Belarusians are genetically closer to Poles (Balanovsky 2008).
 

Admixture analysis: sorted after Baltic-Slavic component

The results of unsupervised K=7 admixture analysis of the  whole reference  populations + 5 first participants (N=159). These results should be taken with caution for two obvious reasons: a) this  is an output of  simple,  unsupervised admixture analysis, b) K=7 - even in case of "pruned" SNP-dataset - appears in most cases to be redundant for such  inbred homozygous populations (in general, the high level of homozygosity is indicative of  low admixture levels, since it is obvious that heterozygotes will increase in an admixture population).

Origin of Belarusians

Preliminary discussions of Belarusian ethnic origin (to be clarified with results of BGA analysis)

We will start with a version of Belarusian ethnic origin according to Jermalovich.

". Initially, the entire Belarusan ethnic area was inhabited by Baltic tribes. In the sixth-to-seventh centuries, Slavic tribes came from the west. The Slavs fused with the Balts to form a new Balto-Slavic nation - the ancestors of today's Belarusans. The prevalent language became Slavic - Old Belarusan - which retained many Baltic elements in its pronunciation and vocabulary. Baltic elements are still recognizable in the folklore (dances, songs, costumes, folk ornaments, etc.) and toponymics (place names) of the present-day Belarus.
The Slavs belonged to tree main tribes: the Kryvicy, who settled in northern and central Belarus, the Dryhvicy(Drehavicans), who settled in the south along the river Prypiac' and Radzimicy(Radzimicans) who settled in the upper Dniapro (Dnepr) region. Two other tribes, the Severianie and the Viacicy(Viaticens), settled further east and only parts of their former territories are now considered ethnically Belarusan."


These Slavic tribes all adopted Christianity in its Eastern Orthodox from the Kievan Rus. For some time they were also politically dependent from Kiev. However, the Kryvicy soon established their own state in the north - the Duchy of Polacak. Later, the duchies of Turau-Pinsk and Novaharodak were established in the south and Southwest respectively. The territory of the duchy of Novaharodak, which had been colonized by both the Kryvicy and the Dryhvicy, extended along the Nioman river between Horadzien (currently know as Hrodna or Grodno) in the west and Novaharodak in the east.
The duchy of Novaharodak was virtually surrounded by unassimilated Baltic tribes: the Jacviahi(Yatvegians) in the west (who were later belarusianized), the Nalscany in the north, the Litva in the east and Northeast, and the area called Aukstota in the south-eastern part of modern Lithuania. Another Baltic tribe, the Samogitians, who lived between Aukstota and the Baltic Sea, did not merge with the Slavs but remained a separate ethnic group. It was the Samogitians and the inhabitants of Aukstota who became the ancestors of today's Lithuanians.
Aukstota - which means highland in Lithuanian - is nowhere mentioned as such in the medieval chronicles and did not seem to be a political entity. Many of its place names contain the word aukstas, or high, while Samogitia, further to the west, means lowland. The city of Vilna (currently know as Vilnius) the present capital of Lithuania, is in Aukstota and Lithuanian scholars consider Aukstota to be the heart of the Lithuanian ethnic area. They claim that Aukstota was the location of the original Litva and that it was from here that Duke Mindouh (Mindaugas in modern Lithuanian) left to conquer the adjoining Duchy of Novaharodak and established the Grand Duchy of Litva.
However, the separate ethnic character of Litva is supported by the non-Slavic names of their leaders - Mindouh, Vojsalk, etc. Mr. Jermalovic feels that Litva referred to an unassimilated Baltic ethnic island.